Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Associated with Job Satisfaction among Acupuncture Therapists in Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26911/Abstract
Background: Job satisfaction is influenced by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors originating from both individual characteristics and the organizational environment. The lack of empirical evidence regarding job satisfaction among acupuncture therapists may hinder the strengthening of the complementary healthcare workforce in Indonesia. Without evidence-based knowledge of the factors influencing job satisfaction, the integration of acupuncture services into the national healthcare system may proceed without adequate evaluation and without comprehensive human resource management strategies.
Subjects and Method: This quantitative study employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 173 respondents from across Indonesia participated in the study. The sample size was determined using the Daniel and Cross formula, and participants were recruited through accidental sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using Pearson's correlation for bivariate analysis and multiple linear regression for multivariable analysis.
Results: Among the intrinsic factors, work achievement was significantly associated with job satisfaction (b = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.53; p < 0.001). Among the extrinsic factors, coworker relationships (b = 0.36; 95% CI = 0.18 to 0.57; p < 0.001) and recognition (b = 0.31; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.51; p = 0.003) were also significantly associated with job satisfaction. In contrast, social status (b = 0.12; 95% CI = −0.07 to 0.31; p = 0.224), organizational policy (b = −0.11; 95% CI = −0.26 to 0.04; p = 0.163), and working conditions (b = 0.02; 95% CI = −0.23 to 0.26; p = 0.894) were not significantly associated with job satisfaction.
Conclusion: Work achievement, coworker relationships, and recognition were significant factors associated with job satisfaction among acupuncture therapists in Indonesia. Conversely, social status, organizational policy, and working conditions were not significantly associated with job satisfaction.
Keywords:
job satisfaction, acupuncture therapists, work achievement, work environmentHow to Cite
References
Ainy A, Sarri MN, Fujiyanti P, Inaku H, Tembo T (2025). Job satisfaction among health workers at primary health care in Palembang City, Indonesia. Kesmas. 20(2): 104–111. https://doi.org/10.7454/kesmas.v20i2.2026.
Alrawahi S, Sellgren SF, Altouby S, Alwahaibi N, Brommels M (2020). The application of Herzberg’s two-factor theory of motivation to job satisfaction in clinical laboratories in Omani hospitals. Heliyon. 6(9): e04829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04829.
Alshmemri M, Shahwan-Akl L, Maude P (2017). Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Life Sci J. 14(5): 12–16. https://doi.org/10.7537/marslsj140517.03.
Amiri A, Amiri M, Nia MA, Naderi M (2024). Job satisfaction and associated factors among health care personnel in Iran: A systematic review. Caspian J Health Res. 9(2): 67–74. https://doi.org/10.32598/CJHR.9.2.515.1.
Armstrong M (2022). Armstrong’s handbook of performance management: An evidence-based guide to performance leadership. 7th ed. New York, NY: Kogan Page.
Boamah SA, Read EA, Laschinger HKS (2017). Factors influencing new graduate nurse burnout development, job satisfaction and patient care quality: A time-lagged study. J Adv Nurs. 73(5): 1182–1195. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13215.
Brunetto Y, Xerri M, Shriberg A, Farr-Wharton R, Shacklock K, Newman S, Dienger J (2013). The impact of workplace relationships on engagement, well-being, commitment and turnover for nurses in Australia and the USA. J Adv Nurs. 69(12): 2786–2799. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12165.
Judge TA, Weiss HM, Kammeyer-Mueller JD, Hulin CL (2017). Job attitudes, job satisfaction, and job affect: A century of continuity and of change. J Appl Psychol. 102(3): 356–374. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000181.
Judge TA, Zhang S, Glerum DR (2020). Essentials of job attitudes and other workplace psychological constructs. 1st ed. Taylor & Francis.
Khamisa N, Peltzer K, Ilic D, Oldenburg B (2016). Work-related stress, burnout, job satisfaction and general health of nurses: A follow-up study. Int J Nurs Pract. 22: 538–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijn.12455.
Labrague LJ, de los Santos JAA (2021). Fear of COVID-19, psychological distress, work satisfaction and turnover intention among frontline nurses. J Nurs Manag. 29: 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13168.
Lu H, Zhao Y, While A (2019). Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 94: 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.011.
Rana W, Mukhtar S, Mukhtar S (2022). Job satisfaction, performance appraisal, reinforcement and job tasks in medical healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. Int J Health Plann Manage. 37(4): 2345–2353. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.3476.
Wijanto C, Tamtomo D, Joebagyo H (2019). Recognizing acupuncture therapist and services. J Health Policy Manag. 4(2): 128–138. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejhpm.2019.04.02.08.
